Introduction to Python
What is Python? A high-level, general-purpose programming language known for its readability and simplicity.
Why Python? Popular for its versatility, large community, and extensive libraries.
Basic syntax: Indentation is crucial for code blocks, and comments are used with #.
Variables and Data Types
Variables: Containers for storing data.
Data types:
Numbers: int (integers), float (floating-point numbers), complex (complex numbers)
Strings: Sequences of characters enclosed in quotes (' ' or " ").
Lists: Ordered collections of elements.
Tuples: Immutable ordered collections of elements.
Dictionaries: Unordered collections of key-value pairs.
Sets: Unordered collections of unique elements.
Type conversion: int(), float(), str(), etc.
Operators
Arithmetic operators: +, -, *, /, //, %, **.
Comparison operators: ==, !=, <, >, <=, >=.
Logical operators: and, or, not.
Assignment operators: =, +=, -=, *=, /=
Control Flow
Conditional statements: if, else, elif.
Loops:
for loops: Iterate over a sequence.
while loops: Execute as long as a condition is true.
break and continue statements: Control loop execution.
Functions
Defining functions: Use def keyword.
Parameters and arguments: Passing values to functions.
Return values: Returning results from functions.
Scope: Local and global variables.
Modules and Packages
Modules: Python files containing definitions and statements.
Packages: Collections of modules organized into directories.
Importing modules: import statement.
Using functions from modules: module_name.function_name().
Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
Classes and objects: Blueprints and instances of objects.
Attributes and methods: Characteristics and behaviors of objects.
Inheritance: Creating new classes based on existing ones.
Polymorphism: Objects of different classes can be treated as the same type.
File I/O
Reading and writing files: open(), read(), write(), close().
File modes: 'r' (read), 'w' (write), 'a' (append).
Exception Handling
Try-except blocks: Handling errors gracefully.
Raising exceptions: Using raise keyword.
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